AGRO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
- CLIMATE
- WATER
- SOIL
- HUMAN RESOURCES
- IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
- IMPACT OF POLLUTION
1) CLIMATE
- Tropics
- Temperate
- Tundra
- Desert
1.1 ) TROPICS
- High temperature
- A lot of rainfall
- Many agriculture activities
- Crops :
coconuts
sugarcane
cocoa
oil palm
1.2) TEMPERATE
- Neither too warm nor too cold neither too wet nor too dry
- have 4 seasons
- Crops planted in spring, harvested in summer
- e.g. :
Maize
Wheat
- High temperature
- A lot of rainfall
- Many agriculture activities
- Crops :
coconuts
sugarcane
cocoa
oil palm
1.2) TEMPERATE
- Neither too warm nor too cold neither too wet nor too dry
- have 4 seasons
- Crops planted in spring, harvested in summer
- e.g. :
Maize
Wheat
- Vegetables continuously grown (during winter in glass house)
- Livestock farming: most suitable
- Large cattle reared for milk and beef performed best in the temperate region.
Milk Cattle
1.3) TUNDRA
- Very low temperatures (below 0oC), with long, cold dark winter (6-10 months)
- Little water and sunshine
- Short growing season (6-10 weeks)
- Dominant vegetation: grasses, mosses and
lichens
- Crops/livestock hardly grown/raised
- Only in restricted enclosures adequate water
supply
> 3 types of Tundra:-
a)
Arctic Tundra (North Pole)
b)
Antartic Tundra
c)
Alpine Tundra
1.4) DESERT
- Very little precipitation, < than 250 mm
annually
- Vegetation very sparse
- Temperature very high in the day, very
low at night
- Agriculture only possible with sufficient
irrigation
2) WATER
- Agriculture activities are for rain-fed or irrigation
- Kedah-Perlis region:
<2000 mm, more suitable for rubber and mangoes Good irrigation suitable for paddy
Paddy in Ayer Hitam
Harumanis in Perlis
- Southern Peninsular Malaysia:
average annual rainfall > 3000 mm, suitable for oil
palm cultivation.
Oil Palm Plantation
3) SOIL
Soil Nutrient Cycle:
Soil Formation:
4) HUMAN RESOURCES
- Scientists
- who conduct research from production
level to processing and marketing
- Teaching institutions of agriculture
- to produce
graduates in numerous agricultural fields
- Supporting specialists
- as extension
specialist to pass the knowledge to the operators in
the fields
- Skilled operators
5) IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
1.1) GLOBAL WARMING
CAUSE:
fossil fuels in industries and
transportation releases greenhouse gas such
as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane
EFFECT:
increased world temperature and
caused climatic instability:
i) melting polar ice
ii) rise of sea level (flood)
Causes of global warming;
a) from industries b) transportation release c) greenhouse gases
1.2) DESERTIFICATION
CAUSE :
expansion of desert area
EFFECT:
less arable land available for
agriculture
Cause of desertification:
Mismanagement of
agriculture activity.
Effect of desertification:
Less lands area for
agriculture
6) IMPACT OF POLLUTION
> Extensive commercial agricultural
activities created polluting byproducts
- Acid Rain (Low pH)
- polluting gasses sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere and becoming acid rains.
- impact on forest, fresh water and soil,
killing off life forms, and affecting crops
and animal production.
2. Heavy Metals
- Areas of intensive industry
- Easily transported and available to plants
and animals
- Pollute the soil and render the crops toxic
- Zinc, copper and lead
3. Chemical Pesticide
- Affect Biodiversity, consumer’s health
4. EXCESSIVE CHEMICAL FERTILIZER
- High level of nitrate & cause
eutrophication
- Nitrate from soil > water ecosystem > Rapid algal growth > less O2 > less
aquatic life
- Very low temperatures (below 0oC), with long, cold dark winter (6-10 months)
- Little water and sunshine
- Short growing season (6-10 weeks)
- Dominant vegetation: grasses, mosses and lichens
- Crops/livestock hardly grown/raised
- Only in restricted enclosures adequate water supply
> 3 types of Tundra:-
a)
Arctic Tundra (North Pole)
b)
Antartic Tundra
c)
Alpine Tundra
1.4) DESERT
- Very little precipitation, < than 250 mm annually
- Vegetation very sparse
- Temperature very high in the day, very low at night
- Agriculture only possible with sufficient irrigation
2) WATER
- Agriculture activities are for rain-fed or irrigation
- Kedah-Perlis region:
<2000 mm, more suitable for rubber and mangoes Good irrigation suitable for paddy
Paddy in Ayer Hitam
Harumanis in Perlis
- Southern Peninsular Malaysia:
Oil Palm Plantation
3) SOIL
Soil Nutrient Cycle:
Soil Formation:
4) HUMAN RESOURCES
- Scientists
- Teaching institutions of agriculture
- to produce
graduates in numerous agricultural fields
- Supporting specialists
- as extension
specialist to pass the knowledge to the operators in
the fields
- Skilled operators
5) IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
1.1) GLOBAL WARMING
CAUSE:
fossil fuels in industries and
transportation releases greenhouse gas such
as carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane
EFFECT:
increased world temperature and
caused climatic instability:
i) melting polar ice
ii) rise of sea level (flood)
Causes of global warming;
a) from industries b) transportation release c) greenhouse gases
1.2) DESERTIFICATION
CAUSE :
expansion of desert area
EFFECT:
less arable land available for
agriculture
Cause of desertification:
Mismanagement of
agriculture activity.
Effect of desertification:
Less lands area for
agriculture
6) IMPACT OF POLLUTION
> Extensive commercial agricultural
activities created polluting byproducts
- Acid Rain (Low pH)
- polluting gasses sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere and becoming acid rains.
- impact on forest, fresh water and soil, killing off life forms, and affecting crops and animal production.
2. Heavy Metals
- Areas of intensive industry
- Easily transported and available to plants and animals
- Pollute the soil and render the crops toxic
- Zinc, copper and lead
3. Chemical Pesticide
- Affect Biodiversity, consumer’s health
4. EXCESSIVE CHEMICAL FERTILIZER
- High level of nitrate & cause eutrophication
- Nitrate from soil > water ecosystem > Rapid algal growth > less O2 > less aquatic life
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